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Investigation on the Effects on Language Development of...

Statistics show that an estimated 5.9 percent of women use drugs, 15.9 percent smoke cigarettes, and 8.5 percent drink alcohol at least once during pregnancy, according to a study conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2013). If drug and alcohol use by a pregnant woman continues and goes unnoticed by family members or doctors, the mental and physical development of their child has the potential to be extremely severe (Brady, Posner, Lang, Rosati, 1994). In this current paper, the effects of prenatal exposure to illicit drugs, non-illicit drugs, and alcohol on language development are investigated. The illicit drugs that will be investigated include marijuana, MDMA, and cocaine. Non-illicit drugs†¦show more content†¦These questions were asked to see if any other variables have an influence on the language development of the children, much like in the previous cocaine study. After controlling for any potential confounding variables, t he researchers conducted an analysis of the children, each of which was placed into a group according to the amount of marijuana and nicotine which they were exposed to. The overall results of the study showed that children between the ages of 9 to 12 who were exposed to one or more cigarettes a day while in the womb scored significantly lower on the tests that measured both language and reading than children who were not exposed to any cigarettes (Fried, Watkinson, Siegel, 1997). However, this was not the case for children who were only exposed to second hand cigarette smoke prenatally. In addition to this, children whose mothers were light (one to six joints a week) or heavy (more than six joints a week) users of marijuana while pregnant showed very little difference in test scores than children were not exposed to marijuana at all prenatally. These results provide some evidence that cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy negatively effects language development, while mari juana exposure hasShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Depression Among Pregnant Women1465 Words   |  6 Pagestheir pregnancy. Some examples of antidepressants available are tricyclic, fluoxetine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).7 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most popular antidepressants taken during pregnancy. Side effects that could take place from these antidepressants are persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, ADHD, increased chances of spontaneous abortion, and smaller birth size in the infant.3,4 Introduction: When a woman is pregnant it is extremelyRead MoreThe Connection Between Prenatal Alcohol Exposure1848 Words   |  8 Pagesthe development of an embryo or fetus, causing birth defects (Teratogen). 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Bangladesh specific topics are also popular, such as Rural Development of Bangladesh, Arsenic Pollution, The International Mother Language Day, Care taker Government, The War Liberation of Bangladesh. Some variety is brought to the mix by a range of more modern topics: The world cup football – 98, Internet, Women’s Contribution to our Country, Dish-AnteenaRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pages(2012), A New Air Quality Perception Scale for Global Assessment of Air Pollution Health Effects. Risk Analysis, 32(12): 2043-2054. Hassoun, N. (2012), Global Health Impact: A Basis For Labeling And Licensing Campaigns?. Developing World Bioethics, 12:  121 134. Mackey, T. M. and Liang, B. A. (2012), Promoting global health: utilizing WHO to integrate public health, innovation and intellectual property. Drug Discovery Today, 17(23-24): 1254 1257. Massoud, M. 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Journal Article Critique Free Essays

Journal Article Critique I chose to read the article, â€Å"Osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis† written by Andrew P Hearn and Eli Silber. It is an understanding about osteoporosis and the connection it might have with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared to patients that do not have multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disability that affects a great amount of young adults. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal Article Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now The longer a person has multiple sclerosis, the more the person loses strength in there bones. Osteoporosis occurs when the body does not absorb the required amount of bone mineral density (BMD), which reduces bone strength. Both men and women have different factors that can increase the risks of getting osteoporosis. This article explains that MS is the second cause of disability (neurological), along with one sixth of white women in their lifetime will have a hip fracture. Diagnosing osteoporosis for men and women along with their risk factors are included in this reading. This article also contains past results from studies of multiple sclerosis patients with bone mass density. Some risk factor levels are unclear and large-scale studies are needed for clear results and connections. Along with this information, it includes management guidelines for the general population that has osteoporosis. This reading also includes insight of the process of chronic inflammatory with multiple sclerosis along with the role of vitamin D in both osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis. This article has a great impact for health care professionals with the information that it gives and in the areas where more research is needed. It is also important because it shows the connection that medication, vitamins, and minerals have and which ones have a greater impact on multiple sclerosis and osteoporosis in both men and women. It is also important because the results include congenital, acquired, lifestyle, and latrogenic factors. These factors are necessary for health care providers to compare these results to their own patients as well as being helpful for future studies. This reading is also important because it shows what bones have a greater risk associated with bone mass density (BMD). This current evidence is a useful guideline for management protocol until more evidence is acquired. Resources Hearn, A. P. , Silber, E. (2010). Osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis,  16(9), 1031. Turley, S. (2011). Medical language: Immerse yourself (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Medical Terminology Breakdown |Medical Word |Prefix |Combining form |Suffix |Definition | |1 |osteoporosis |None |oste/o- (bone), por/o- |-osis (condition; abnormal |abnormal rarefaction of bone | | | | |(small opining, pores) |conditions, process) | | |5 |chronic |None |Chron/o- (time) |-ic (pertaining to) |disease that persists over a long period| | | | | | | | |6 |inflammatory |None |Inflamat/o- (redness and |-ory (having the function |Having the function of redness and | | | | |warmth) |of) |warmth | |7 |demineralization |de- (reversal of;|mineral/o- (mineral; |-ization (pertaining to) |pertaining to lack of | | | |without) |electrolyte) | |mineral/electrolyte | |8 |anticoagulant |anti- (against) |coagul/o- (clotting) |-ant (pertaining to) |A substance that prevents the clotting | | | | | | |of blood. | |9 |lumbar |None |lumb/o- (lower back, area |-ar (pertaining to) |part of the back and sides between the | | | | |between the ribs and | |lowest ribs and the pelvis | | | | |pelvis) | | | |10 |femoral |None |femor/o- (thigh bone) |-al (pertaining to) |pertaining to the femur or the thigh | How to cite Journal Article Critique, Papers

Rodgers And Hammerstein Essay Example For Students

Rodgers And Hammerstein Essay There are many well-known lyricists and composers, but only a few leave such amark as Rodgers and Hammerstein. This duo produced nine musical plays duringtheir partnership and caused a profound change in musical comedy. They set thestandards that are followed to this day in musical history. They created themodern musical that we all know and love. Before they became Rodgers andHammerstein, they were simply Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, both ofNew York City. Hammerstein, born in 1895, was brought up in a theatrical family. His father was an operatic impresario, otherwise known as an operadirector or manager. He built the Harlem Opera House(1888) and the ManhattanOpera House(1906) and also introduced many new singers to the US. From a veryyoung age Hammerstein II committed to the theater even though his familydiscouraged him. As soon as he was old enough to have a job in his fatherstheatrical business, he devoted himself to his duties and learned as much as hecould about play production and the labors of the theater artist. Oscareventually teamed up with author Otto Harbach and composer Vincent Youmans toproduce Wildflower. With help from Harbach, Hammerstein began to createprofessional material for Broadway. Through Otto Harbach, Hammerstein was ledinto collaboration with Jerome Kern for Sunday. He also worked with HerbertStothart and George Gershwin on Song of the Flame, a very unsuccessful show. Butdespite the shows failure, it did lead Hammerstein to concentrate on creatingoperetta in order to integ rate musical comedy with opera. With this in mind, hewas able to achieve new standards for success in his career with his lyrics forThe Wild Rose and The Desert Song. By 1927, after a few more productions,Hammerstein had achieved the technical skill that allowed him to provide acomposer with a functional book and lyrics. This was best shown in Showboat, thefirst modern American musical. Showboat was the first show that indicatedHammersteins great talent. Hammerstein was able to create a believable plot,situation,and characterization. At the forefront of this show wasHammersteins concern for the southern blacks. This show contributedcommentary on racial prejudice which Hammerstein would continually do. This wasa big step for the 1920s and a huge victory when the show was so widelyappreciated. Despite the promise indicated by Showboat, Hammerstein did notproduce works of comparable success between 1928 and 1940. Some of his forgottenshows from that time are Free for All, Three Sisters , May Wine and severalothers. By 1941 it was apparent that except for Showboat, Hammerstein had notsucceeded in creating a celebrated body of work outside the operetta form. Richard Rodgers , born in 1902, unlike Hammerstein, was not born into thetheater, but his parents made sure he was cultured in the world of musicaltheater at a very early age. One of his earliest childhood memories was of hisparents singing the full vocal scores from the latest musicals1. By age six,Rodgers had taught himself to play piano and was then given piano lessons by hisproud parents. They also encouraged him to make a career in music. LikeHammerstein, Rodgers devotion to the theater began early on in his life. Rodgers was especially influenced by Jerome Kerns shows and considered him ahero. When Rodgers was nine, he began to compose melodies of his own andeventually learned how to write them too. At fourteen he produced his first twocomplete songs, Campfire Days and The Auto Show Girl. While still inhigh school, he wrote scores for two amateur shows, One Minute Please and UpState and Down, after which he was encouraged to find a lyricist and begin aprofessional song-producing arrangement. Rodgers found Lorenz Hart. They met in1918 and immediately hit it off. Both were very pleased with each othersabilities and a creative union was made, as well as a close friendship. Theirfirst show together was Fly with Me, which was performed for ColumbiaUniversity. Broadway man Lew Fields saw the show and informed the duo that heintended to use some of their songs in his next Broadway musical, Poor LittleRitz Girl2 . Although only seven of the numbers were used, it brought Rodgersinto the world of Broad way musicals. Rodgers and Hart collaborated from 1918 to1943 and produced twenty-seven stage musicals and eight motion picture scores. .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .postImageUrl , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:hover , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:visited , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:active { border:0!important; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:active , .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38355c1412f6435896c362dabf90fe3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Life of Mary Shelley EssayAlmost all their work was successful and their chemistry as a creative team waspaying off. In the late 1930s though, Hart and Rodgers grew apart because ofemotional problems Hart was having. Eventually Hart walked out on Rodgers anddied in 1943. Rodgers and Hammerstein finally met in the early 1940s. Theirfirst show was Oklahoma! which debut a success and began the series of smashhits for Rodgers and Hammerstein. Their other shows were Carousel (1945),Allegro (1947), South Pacific (1949), The King and I (1951), Me and Juliet(1953), Pipe Dream (1955), Flower Drum Song (1958), and The Sound of Music(1959). They also did the film, State Fair (194 5), and the television musical,Cinderella (1957). The main reason Rodgers and Hammerstein were so successfuland made such an impact on musical theater was that they formulated anddemonstrated principles about their craft that elevated the popular musicalstage from entertainment to art3 . In other words, they raised thestandards and expectations of the musical to more than just entertainment forthe audience to enjoy, and made being a musical theater actor a skill and anart. The principles they created were as follows. First, they both agreed thatthe song served the play rather than vice-versa. This concept is what helps makea musical more believable. Second, Rodgers and Hammerstein shows were verysincere and honest. Both Rodgers and Hammerstein were romantics and saw nothingwrong with sweetness and simplicity. Joseph Fields, a collaborator on FlowerDrum Song, said that Oscar really believed that love conquers all, thatvirtue triumphs, that dreams come true.4 . Rodgers felt similarly. Whatswrong with sweetness and light? Its been around for quite awhile. Even a clicheyou know has a right to be true5 This concept keeps people going back to seemusicals, because no matter how tragic things are you can always find a ray ofhope in a musical. For example, in The Sound of Music, the country is about toenter war, people are being arrested and there is tragedy everywhere, but theVanTrappes escape, which occurs to show that there is hope. Finally, Rodgers andHammerstein were sure to maintain a professional union between all members of aproduction team: producer, writer, composer, director, choreographer, actor,scenery etc. They proved that a takes team work to produce a show and that meanscollaboration from all sides at all times of a production. Hammerstein andRodgers set the mold for the sensitive relationship between any group ofcollaborators through the way they worked together. Rodgers and Hammersteinrevolutionized musical theater. They forged new levels of performan ce and alsoof production, that are now the standards for musicals in America. Their successis rooted in their devotion to the theater, their ability to draw audiences into their shows by making their shows believable yet sentimental and theirability to collaborate so well together. This is why their shows are still beingperformed in theaters all over the world. They are true fore fathers in Americanmusical theater. Bibliography1) The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, third ed. New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1994. 2) Fordin, Hugh. Getting to know him: A Biography of OscarHammerstein II. New York: Ungar Pub. Co., 1977. 3) Green, Stanley. Rodgers andHammerstein Fact Book: a record of their works together and with othercollaborators. New York: Lynn Farnol Group, 1980 4) Hyland, William. RichardRodgers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998 5) Kislan, Richard. The Musical. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1980. 6) Nolan, Frederick N. The Sound of theirMusic: the story of Rodgers and Hammerstein. New York: Walker, 1978